What is anti-matter. A simple way of thinking about anti-matter is to go look in the mirror and see your reflection. The anti-matter part of the universe is like the reflection in the mirror. It looks identical to the reflection in the mirror, but the orientation of the image is offset 180 degrees.
In terms of particle physics that is like saying it has the opposite charge. Instead of the electron having a negative charge it has a positive charge. What is charge is a whole other question by the way. The positron which Dirac predicted mathematically back in 1928, and was later discovered in 1932 means we have been using the incorrect atomic theory since way back then. Almost 100 years ago. I think it best that we revise the atomic theory for biology so that we can start to appreciate the anti-matter in biological systems and its role which is very important.
One thing to note is that when matter and antimatter come together you get a process called annihilation and the generation of a photon that has no mass and no charge but has energy and a frequency. Remember Einstein said E = mc^2 which means that light and mass is essentially just two different forms of energy. Energy cannot be destroyed nor created but only transformed. The rearrangement of Einstein's equation to c^2 = E/M shows the light is electro-magnetism. The interaction between two fields of energy one electric made by the charge of a particle (dark energy based) and the magnetic field made by the time system within the particles half-life (more dark matter based) generates a photon system. This rearrangement represents tunnelling and entanglement and tying light into a knot to generate an atom having mass and charge.
By thinking about the light, we see in the mind. You could consider it a feature of the process of positron (anti-matter) and electron (matter) annihilation process. As the current atomic theory excludes the ideas of anti-matter the idea that anti-matter generates light through annihilation is not even considered by scientists. However, by revising quark charge calculations so that Up quark is negatively charged (-1) and Down quarks are positively charged (+1), what we see is that the proton (Up Down Up = +1) when the quark charges are multiplied together and the neutron (Down Up Down = -1). Interestingly, the revision of quark charges identifies neutrons as the anti-matter system along with its associated positron (+1), giving an overall charge of 0 when combined neutron and positron. Having a framework to explore an alternative quark charge system, we can then see how this relates to the stability of the proton versus the stability of the neutron.
Here we can see the quark see saw balance system within the proton with two Up quarks and one Down quark. The two Up quarks have a mass of 2.2E+6 eV x 1/c^2. For simplicity I have just put it as 2.2. The 2.2 x 2.2 = 4.84. The Down quark having a mass of 4.84E+6 eV x 1/c^2. The other 1E+6 is seen as a feature of the Charm electric field based on its half-life timing of 1E-12 s. The ^0.5 electric field decay of the inverse square law giving the 1E-6 which offsets the 1E+12 to give 1E+6 for the Down quark.
The other aspect of this balance model is the muon at 2.2E-6 s half-life. Here we see that the Up quark rest mass and the muons half-life are linked together to give 4.84 but with no 1E+6 because 1E+6 x 1E-6 = 1. The connection here is seen in the reciprocal of the Charm quarks electric field of 1/1E-6 = 1E+6 which again gives the Down quark 4.84E+6 eV x 1/c^2.
What this highlights is that the muon, Down quark and Charm, electron and Up quark are involved in a process of balancing energy to provide a way of growing the internal atomic structure. The inner structure of the atom is able to be created by the various parts of the atom.
With the Up quark being negatively charged and the Down quark being positively charged we can see that - x - = + but we can also infer that + = - x -. What this implies is that the Down quark is two Up quarks. The generation of Down quarks comes from Up quarks. Therefore, a proton containing Up Down Up, where the Down = Up x Up, suggests that this is a 4 x Up quark system. The neutron having Down Up Down, therefore has 5 Up quarks. Looking it in this way may seem unusual but as you will see the instability of the free neutron at 888 seconds half-life giving rise to a proton and an electron and a electron antineutrino is not so strange when you can see that there are five particles to begin with.
This model provide context for why protons are stable, and neutrons are unstable.
This model also provides context for the generation of muons and the charm quark via the continued combining inner energies associated with the various quarks on the basis of the electric and magnetic field components of the subatomic particles.
The K+ electron capture atomic process is also part of the evidence for such a model where an electron from the orbital layer of an atom is tunnelled into the nucleus of the atom and combines with a proton to become a neutron. If we look at the idea of charge switching on tunnelling, then we can see the electron (-) becomes the Down quark (+) and then the proton's Up quark (-) tunnels out of the nucleus to become the new positron (+) in the newly formed neutron. The electron -> Down quark contains 2 x Up quarks.
The formation of an electron from the vacuum of space along with its entangled partner the positron maintains conservation of energy and charge and does not violate any laws in terms of conservation rules. What this means is that we have to also consider the vacuum and cosmic microwave background wavelengths of energy. These correspond to 1.6E-35 m and 1.6E-3 meters respectively. This means a 1E+32 delta and the sqrt giving 1E16 or 1E-16 gamma ray system in the nucleus of the atom. Therefore, the generation of a new electron and positron to combine with the quarks is also likely to be involving both the local vacuum of space and the cosmic microwave background energy.
I know there are a lot of moving parts. The system is dynamic, and changes faster than measurement allows. It provides context for the redistribution of charge within the atomic system using LENI (low energy nuclear interactions) between the fields of energy and the atomic system.
The evolution of the atomic system is therefore dynamic and a function of its energy and the energy well in which it inhabits. I like to think of these living dynamic energetic systems evolving through a feedback mechanism. Like Dr Seuss push me pull you and the dynamic reciprocity interplay between the atomic structure and its local cosmological environment.
When we see the stability of protons and the evolution of atomic systems biology starts to make more sense. It is easier to comprehend evolution if we start from the initial singularity and its evolution to generate the stage (time and space) in which atomic structure is formed.
